The occipital bone consists of four parts that surround the Foramen Magnum. These parts are known as the Squamous part, the Basilar part, and two Lateral Parts (3,6).
Occipital bone
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Occipital bone: Disarticulated
The occipital bone is a cranial bone located at the back of the cranium. It articulates with 5 cranial bones (6): 2 Parietal bones, 2 Temporal bones, 1 Sphenoid bone
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Left Ventricle
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Left Ventricle
- Left ventricle: : It’s the chamber in the heart responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. It is mainly situated behind the right ventricle when viewed from the front. (1,3)
The inlet of the left ventricle:
- The inlet of the left ventricle: This is the entrance into the left ventricle. It is guarded by the orifice of the mitral valve. (1,2,3)
- Aortic vestibule: It is the region of the left ventricle that is positioned inferior to the aortic orifice. (1,2)
Trabecular part of left ventricle
- Trabecular part of left ventricle: The trabecular part is the inner, part of the ventricle walls that feature muscular projections. It extends towards the apical portion of the left ventricle. (2,3)
Papillary muscles of left ventricle
- Papillary muscles of left ventricle: Are two muscular protrusions situated on the inner aspect of the left ventricle. They are connected to the mitral valve via tendinous cords. (1,2,3)
- Superior papillary muscle of left ventricle: It is the largest papillary muscle of the left ventricle; it has its origin in the lateral wall of the left ventricle. (1,2)
- Inferior papillary muscle of left ventricle: It is smaller than the superior papillary muscle; it has its origin in the inferior wall of the left ventricle near the septum. (1,2)
- Chordae tendineae of left atrioventricular valve: they are fibrous string cords that anchor the mitral valve leaflets to the left ventricle. The majority of the chordae tendinae connect the valve to the papillary muscles. (1,3)
- Chordae tendineae spuriae of the left ventricle Are cords that do not attach to the atrioventricular valves. (3,4)
Trabeculae carneae of left ventricle
- Trabeculae carneae of left ventricle: Raised muscular bands that are situated in the trabecular part of the right ventricle. They are smaller than the trabecular carnae of the right ventricle. (2,3)
- Fine apical trabeculations: Fine, mesh-like structures located on the inner surface of the apical portion of the left ventricle, which are notably finer than those in the right ventricle as per the text. (2,3)
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Bibliography
- Gray H, Lewis W. Angiology. In: Anatomy of the human body. 1918. p. 526–42
- Anderson, R. H., Spicer, D. E., Hlavacek, A. M., Cook, A. C., & Backer, C. L. (2013). Anatomy of the cardiac chambers. In Wilcox’s Surgical Anatomy of the Heart (4th ed., pp. 13–50). Cambridge University Press.
- Faletra, F. F., & Narula, J. (2017). Imaging of Cardiac Anatomy. Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy, 15–60.
- Kosiński A, Grzybiak M, Dubaniewicz A, Kȩdziora K, Makarewicz W, Kozłowski D. False chordae tendineae in right ventricle of adult human hearts – morphological aspects. Arch Med Sci. 2012 Nov 11 ;8(5):834.
The structure and organization of anatomical terms used in this text follow the guidelines provided by FIPAT (2019) in their publication: FIPAT. (2019). Terminologia Anatomica (2nd ed.). FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://fipat.library.dal.ca/TA2/
Right Ventricle
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Right Ventricle
- Right ventricle: It is the most anterior chamber of the heart, that continues the right atrium. It has a triangular shape, and consists of 3 components: An inlet, a trabecular part and an outlet. (3)
Inlet of right ventricle
- Inlet of right ventricle: It is the part of the ventricle that contains the tricuspid valve with its chordae and papillary muscles. (3)
- Supraventricular crest: It is a prominence that is situated between the pulmonary valve and the tricuspid valve. (3)
- Conus arteriosus: It is the outlet component of the right ventricle and is a conical pouch situated in the right ventricle’s upper part. It provides support for the pulmonary valve. (1,3)
Trabecular part of right ventricle
- Trabecular part of right ventricle: It is thin and reaches the apex of the heart. It contains coarse trabeculations. (3)
Papillary muscles of right ventricle
- Papillary muscles of right ventricle: They are protrusions projecting into the ventricle lumen that attach to the tricuspid valve cusps via chordae tendineae. They are 3 in number: the right ventricle’s anterior, inferior, and septal papillary muscles. (1,2)
- Anterior papillary muscle of right ventricle: It is the largest papilary muscle of the tricuspid valve. The septomarginal trabecula provides support to this muscle. (4)
- Inferior papillary muscle of right ventricle: Arising from below, it is the second largest papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. (4)
- Septal papillary muscle of right ventricle: The smallest papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve, it arises from the parietal limb of the septomarginal trabecula. (4)
- Chordae tendineae of right atrioventricular valve: Fibrous string cords that connect the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles. In the right ventricle the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve is anchored directly to the septum. (1,3)
- Chordae tendineae spuriae of right ventricle: Also known as false chordae are more commonly observed in the left ventricle, are fibrous-muscular bundles found in the ventricles of the heart, distinct from “true” chordae as they do not interconnect with atrioventricular valves. (1,5)
Trabeculae carneae of right ventricle
- Trabeculae carneae of right ventricle: Irregular muscular elevations found on the inner aspect of the inflow tract path in the right ventricle. (1,2,3)
- Septomarginal trabecula: The Septomarginal Trabecula, also referred to as the septal band, is a significant and distinctive feature in the septal area of the right ventricle. It possesses two parts: an anterosuperior limb and a posteroinferior limb that secures the septal region of the supraventricular crest. Various prominent trabeculations often emanate from it, including those that create the anterior papillary muscle and the moderator band. (1,5)
- Parietal limb of septomarginal trabecula: The Parietal limb of the Septomarginal Trabecula, also identified as the posteroinferior limb, plays an essential role within the right ventricle’s structure. It proceeds posteriorly, positioning itself beneath the interventricular segment of the membranous septum, and bolsters the muscular septum. The medial papillary muscle typically originates from this section. This limb is essential, providing stability and contributing to the intricate structural design of the right ventricle. (5,6)
- Anterior limb of septomarginal trabecula: This is the part of the septomarginal trabeculation that runs up to the attachment of the leaflets of the pulmonary valve. It’s an integral part of the septomarginal trabeculation structure within the right ventricle. (5,6)
- Coarse apical trabeculations:They are tough muscle bundles located at the apex of the right ventricle. They’re a special feature of the right ventricle’s inner shape contrasting with the finer trabeculations seen in the apical part of the left ventricle. (5,6)
- Septomarginal trabecula: The Septomarginal Trabecula, also referred to as the septal band, is a significant and distinctive feature in the septal area of the right ventricle. It possesses two parts: an anterosuperior limb and a posteroinferior limb that secures the septal region of the supraventricular crest. Various prominent trabeculations often emanate from it, including those that create the anterior papillary muscle and the moderator band. (1,5)
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Bibliography
- Gray H, Lewis W. Angiology. In: Anatomy of the human body. 1918. p. 526–42
- Faletra FF, Pandian NG, Ho SY. The Cardiac Valves. In: Anatomy of the Heart by Multislice Computed Tomography. Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 55–80.
- Moore K, Dalley A, Agur A. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Vol. 7ed, Clinically oriented anatomy. 2014. 132–151 p.
- Mori S, Spicer DE, Anderson RH. Revisiting the Anatomy of the Living Heart. Circulation Journal. 2015 Dec 25; 80(1):24–33.
- Dauber Wolfgang, Feneis Heinz, Feneis Heinz. Heart. In: Pocket atlas of human anatomy : founded by Heinz Feneis. Fifth. Thieme; 2007. p. 222–8.
- Stamm C, Anderson RH, Ho SY. Clinical anatomy of the normal pulmonary root compared with that in isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 May;31(6):1420–5.